northern population (≈1.2%) than rice consuming states i.e. In India, CD prevalence was more in wheat consuming states i.e. The probable reason of higher prevalence in African people was related to genetic, environmental as well abrupt change in diet from breast milk, camel milk, dates and sugar to wheat products especially bread as staple food 2. 4 observed the high prevalence of this disease among Saharawi individuals (especially infants) and reported 55 individuals out of 989 were diagnosed with this disease. Main factors for its dissemination are dietary, genetic 2 and agricultural practices. Previously, CD was considered as a Western or European disease but it has been reported from the different regions of the world such as Europe and Oceania (0.8%), Asia (0.6%), Africa and North America (0.5%) and South America (0.4%) 3.
The gliadins, secalins and hordein are known to trigger/cause the celiac or coeliac disease (CD) in genetically susceptible individuals characterized by severe damage of jejunal mucosa (villi) by immune mediated reactions leading to chronical distension of abdomen, malnourishment, diarrhoea, stunted growth, depression, loss of appetite and weight 2.Ī recent meta-analysis revealed that the global CD pooled sero-prevalence was about 1.4% 2. Prolamin is characterized by having high proportion of glutamine and proline and low proportion of arginine, lysine and histidine 1. The members of this tribe share closely resembled storage proteins.
Prolamin is a group of heterogeneous mixture of alcohol soluble polypeptide (30–75 kDa MW) chains, which constituted the major storage protein of the Triticeae tribe, usually known as gliadins in wheat, secalin in rye and hordein in barley. Space saving hexagonal molecular symmetry was also observed in TEM molecular arrangement of prolamins which has profound application in development of plant-based polymers and fibres. The extracted prolamins fractions showed amorphous as well as crystalline structures as revealed by XRD and TEM analysis. XRD pattern of prolamin fractions showed the ordered crystalline domain at 2θ values of 44.1°, 37.8° and 10.4°. TEM studies showed that secalin and hordein fractions were globular in shape while gliadins in addition to globular structure also possessed rod-shaped particle arrangement. Surface morphology by SEM illustrated the globular particle arrangement in gliadins, sheet like arrangement in secalins and stacked flaky particle arrangement in hordeins fraction. The high colloidal stability as depicted by zeta-potential was observed in gliadins (23.5–27.0 mV) followed secalins (11.2–16.6 mV) and hordeins (4.1–7.8 mV). SDS-PAGE of prolamins showed well resolved low molecular weight proteins with significant amount of albumin and globulin as cross-contaminant.
Prolamins were extracted from fifteen cultivars using DuPont protocol to study their physiochemical, morphological and structural characteristics. Prolamins, alcohol soluble storage proteins of the Triticeae tribe of Gramineae family, are known as gliadin, secalin and hordein in wheat, rye and barley respectively.